The cost of technology development in new cars, and the higher resultant cost to the consumer, may mean some hold onto their cars longer in future.

Andrew Marsh, of Auto Industry Consultancy, said the technology required to meet emissions regulationsin Europe has cost a vast amount of money.

This has increased the base cost of building cars, and may make it more likely that cars are kept for longer, the former Thatcham executive told the IMI's Autumn Representative Member Assembly at Crewe.

He said developing an all-new model can cost 2.5bn euros, so may be hard for some manufacturers to justify.