A lawsuit has been filed against Volkswagen Group by the US Justice Department in relation to the emissions scandal of recent months.
The lawsuit, on behalf of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), was filed on Monday in a federal court in Detroit, Michigan.
The EPA claims discussions with Volkswagen Group in the US have not created “an acceptable way forward”.
"With today's filing, we take an important step to protect public health by seeking to hold Volkswagen accountable for any unlawful air pollution, setting us on a path to resolution," said assistant administrator Cynthia Giles for the EPA's Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance.
"So far, recall discussions with the company have not produced an acceptable way forward. These discussions will continue in parallel with the federal court action."
The department said the filing was just the first step in "bringing Volkswagen to justice".
The carmaker is also facing separate criminal charges, and a raft of class-action lawsuits filed by VW owners.
"The complaint alleges that nearly 600,000 diesel engine vehicles had illegal defeat devices installed that impair their emission control systems and cause emissions to exceed EPA's standards, resulting in harmful air pollution," the court filing said.
It also alleges that VW "violated" clean air laws by selling cars that were different in design from those originally cleared for sale by the EPA.
The EPA says that VW fitted many of its cars with a device that was able to recognise test conditions and adjust the engine settings accordingly, with the express purpose of giving distorted readings on nitrogen oxide emissions.
The company admitted to "totally screwing up", and there has been a shake-up in the management structure and personnel as a result. Martin Winterkorn resigned as chief executive and was replaced with Matthias Mueller, the former boss of Porsche.
The carmaker is currently conducting an internal investigation that it says will "leave no stone unturned".
The scandal has hit VW hard. It will begin recalling millions of cars worldwide soon, and has set aside €6.7bn (£4.6bn) to cover costs already.
As editor, Tim is responsible for the media content, planning and production of AM's multiple channels (AM print and digital magazines, website, social media and contributing to our events planning). He interviews and writes about as many franchised dealer groups and UK divisions of motor manufacturers as possible, to explore the issues facing UK motor retail and understand what solutions dealers and suppliers are using to overcome these.
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